1. The French Ambassadors
   Locked Up Their Minds
2. Netherlandish Proverbs
   Money-Changer and His Wife

"Money-Changer and His Wife," created by Quinten Massys, can be viewed in the light of early developments in capitalism. The painting shows how Christian society in the Netherlands began to ignore their religious duties for earthly pleasures.

1. Landscape with Clerks Studying Astronomy and Geometry
   Astronomy
2. The Starry Night
   Wheatfield with Crows

Vincent van Gogh painted "Starry Night" only a year before the early death of the talented artist. He died in 1890 of a self-inflected gunshot wound to the chest, which he initially survived only to later die of infection.

1. Anxiety
   The Scream
2. Jealousy
   Vampire

"The Scream" represents Edvard Munch's attempt to project the emotions associated with death and love. In the art piece, the viewer can feel the emotions tied to the scream as it morphs the world around the skeletal figure emitting it.

1. Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa
   Family of Charles IV
2. Third of May
   727

Trying to gain the favor of the ruler of France, Antoine-Jean Gros painted "Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa" as a mythic tale of Napoleon Bonaparte during the height of his reign. The painting depicts an incident where a disease decimated part of Napoleon's army during the Near Eastern campaigns.

1. The Raft of the Medusa
   Apollo and Daphne
2. The Triumph of Virtue
   Birth of Venus

Most art historians believe that "Birth of Venus" was commissioned by the Medici family, a wealthy Italian family known for their love of art. Works like this became controversial because of their association with worldly pleasures, evident by the wealth the Medici family had acquired.

1. La Place du Theatre Francais
   Paris: A Rainy Day
2. Metropolis
   The Goodbye to Hamburg

By 1877, when "Paris: A Rainy Day" was finished, the city of Paris had gone through a major transitional period. Under Napoleon III, Paris was largely remodeled to accommodate the growing population in the city, which had reached nearly 1.5 million residents.

1. The Last Judgement
   Transfiguration
2. The Calling of St Matthew
   Last Supper

In "Last Supper," Leonardo da Vinci captures the moment where Christ tells his followers that one of them will betray him. Because of the materials used on the painting where he applied pigments to dry plaster, preserving it has been difficult over the years, and the work is in poor condition today.

1. The Milkmaid
   The Lacemaker
2. Girl with a Pearl Earring
   Study of a Young Woman

"Girl with a Pearl Earring" demonstrates Johannes Vermeer's mastery of light, which is shown to be hitting the girl from her left. The light provides a softness to her face and illuminates the large pearl earring she wears.

1. The Young Sabot Maker
   He Healed the Sick
2. The Holy Family
   The Thankful Poor

Part of the Realism movement of the late-19th century,"The Thankful Poor" moved away from artwork that only followed the lives of the higher classes of society. Using contrasting shadows, the painting shows the deep concentration of the older man against the thankful expression of the younger boy.

1. Reminiscence of the Tempyo Era
   Black Fan
2. Sunrise over the Eastern Sea
   The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife

Fujishima Takeji produced "Sunrise Over the Eastern Sea" after receiving a commission to provide a decorative piece for the Showa Emperor's study. Since the commission was coming at the beginning of the emperor's accession, Takeji decided to rely on the sunrise as an inspiration.

1. Danae
   Death and Life
2. The Maiden
   The Kiss

Gustav Klimt painted "The Kiss" after receiving criticism for his three part series "Klimt University of Vienna Ceiling Paintings," which was viewed as pornographic. "The Kiss," on the other hand, was well received, becoming his most popular work.

1. Departure of the Volunteers of 1792
   Women of Algiers
2. Liberty Leading the People
   The Massacre of Chios

Eugene Delacroix used Romantic feelings associated with the early-19th century to tell both classical and contemporary stories with his art. "Liberty Leading the People" is an example of a contemporary event, where he was able to capture Liberty in an allegorical manner as she leads a charge forward.

1. Ophelia
   Beata Beatrix
2. Mariana
   The Blind Girl

John Everett Millais was obsessed with the visual reality that can be found in nature, recording every detail he possibly could. In "Ophelia," this style is evident as Millais brings a fictional story to life.

1. Still Life in Studio
   A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery
2. The French Ambassadors
   Building More Stately Mansions

The Scientific Revolution was at its height in the 18th century, influencing both thought and art around the world. Using science as a theme and dramatic candlelight, Joseph Wright shows how the planets revolve around the sun in "A Philosopher Gives a Lecture at the Orrery."

1. The Magpie
   Hunters in the Snow
2. The Fox Hunt
   Netherlandish Proverbs

A master of contrasting styles, particularly landscapes, Pieter Bruegel shows the changing of seasons with his "Hunter in the Snow," which is part of a series of six paintings from the artist. In the painting, Bruegel is able to capture a deep view of the landscape through his use of line and shape.

1. Rue Transnonain
   The Nightmare
2. Echo I
   Third of May, 1808

By 1808, Spanish citizens were tired of their new French occupiers, leading to a deadly clash between the citizens and the French soldiers. When the rebellion was finally suppressed, the French soldiers executed unarmed civilians, which is shown in Goya's "Third of May, 1808."

1. Creation of Adam
   Annunciation
2. Tobias and the Angel
   Last Judgement

Unlike previous artists, Michelangelo moved away from the traditional way of depicting the creation of Adam as a glorified event. Instead, in his "Creation of Adam," the moment that life is given to the first man is crafted with a humanistic touch.

1. Triumph of the Name of Jesus
   Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving the Children
2. Deposition
   Glory

Rembrandt van Rijn became a master of prints, where he used both etching and engravings to create his works. "Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving the Children" is one such example that relies on contrasting light and dark to draw attention to Christ.

1. Nighthawks
   Automat
2. Chop Suey
   Room in New York

Edward Hopper hoped to capture the attitude of the Great Depression with his work when he returned from studying in Europe. "Nighthawks" is one such example where he relied on a still scene full of empty spaces to bring about a feeling of isolation.

1. American Gothic
   Spring in Town
2. Young Corn
   Parson Weems' Fable

"American Gothic" was the result of Grant Wood's desire to rebel against the abstract art associated with Europe and New York. Relying on the Regionalism movement of the Midwest, Wood created a work that used realism to make it more relatable for viewers.

1. Mouth of the Seine at Honfleur, evening
   The Circus
2. A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
   Bathers at Asnieres

Originally exhibited in Paris, "A Sunday on La Grande Jatte" required a considerable amount of effort from Georges Seurat to complete. Even before starting the painting, the artist created a series of drawings and oil sketches to guide him through the process.

1. The Angelus
   Transfiguration
2. Jael and Sisera
   The Return of the Prodigal Son

"Jael and Sisera" is an oil on canvas painting created by Artemisia Gentileschi in 1620. The painting tells the Biblical story of Jael driving a tent peg into the head of Sisera, an enemy warlord who was seeking refuge from the Israelites.

1. Pittsburgh Memory
   Spring Way
2. Twilight in the Wilderness
   Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains

America was facing a bloody Civl War when Frederic Church painted "Twilight in the Wilderness" in 1860. The painting emphasizes an idealistic and peaceful view of a country torn apart by a growing internal conflict.

1. Breakfast Scene
   The Broken Column
2. Lord Heathfield
   A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery

By the 18th century, England had a growing middle-class that was becoming increasingly prosperous in their country. One of six paintings from "Marriage a la Mode," William Hogarth's work "Breakfast Scene" depicts how money affected the morals of this middle class.

1. Oath of the Horatii
   The Coronation of Napoleon
2. The Intervention of the Sabine Women
   The Tennis Court Oath

Jacques-Louis David was a master at using noble events from the past to inspire virtue during the time he lived. "Oath of the Horatii" tells the story of three sons from Rome who swear an oath to fight to the death for their city, but they are oblivious to their female relatives who mourn in the background.

1. The Horse Fair
   The Charging Chasseur
2. Whistlejacket
   The Races at Longchamp

Rosa Bonheur spent over a year sketching the design for "The Horse Fair" at a horse market in Paris on Boulevard de I'Hopital. To avoid attention that might come her way, she dressed as a man while attending the market.

1. The Weeping Woman
   Guernica
2. Bull's Head
   Ma Jolie

Pablo Picasso wasn't afraid to shy away from the political with his work, and "Guernica" is a perfect example, depicting his views on the Nazi bombing of Guernica in 1937. The painting shows how innocent people are affected by the tragedies of war.

1. School of Athens
   The Marriage of the Virgin
2. Transfiguration
   The Parnassus

"School of Athens" was painted by the Renaissance painter Raphael inside the Palace of the Vatican, which was an important painting commission to be given by the pope. The painting was intended to make the pope not only look like a religious figure but as a man of knowledge as well.

1. Grande Odalisque
   Insane Woman
2. The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
   Olympia

While preparing to paint "Insane Woman," Theodore Gericault studied woman held at insane asylums as well as heads from the victims of the guillotine. He did this because he believed that character was best revealed during a state of madness or right at the point of death.

1. Return of the Prodigal Son
   Syndics of the Drapers' Guild
2. Night Watch
   The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis

In "Night Watch," Rembrandt brings to life a civic-guard group as they prepare for a parade that's about to take place. The artist brilliantly animates the scene in a fashion that displays excitement through the use of contrasting movements by the characters depicted.

1. Sunrise
   Light Coming on the Plains
2. Abstraction White Rose
   A Storm

"A Storm" is a pastel on paper artwork created by the American-born artist Georgia O'Keeffe. In a scene using dramatic expression, O'Keeffe creates an image that contrasts the deep blues of the water with the yellow and red outline of a lightning strike.

1. Triumph of the Name of Jesus
   Triumph of the Barberini
2. Aurora
   Glorification of Saint Ignatius

A lay brother of the Jesuit order, Fra Andrea Pozzo created "Glorification of Saint Ignatius" as a dedication to the founder of the Jesuit order. The ceiling decoration extends the church's architecture, as it gives off the illusion that it's opening up to Heaven.

1. Portrait of Innocent X
   Rokeby Venus
2. Las Hilanderas
   Las Meninas

"Las Meninas" has become famous for its obscure meaning, which has left art historians confused for years. Much of the confusion lies in the mirror, which shows the reflection of King Philip IV and Queen Mariana, where they appear to be in the viewer's space of the painting.

1. Allegory of Vanity
   Christ in the House of Levi
2. Last Supper
   Triumph of Venice

"Christ in the House of Levi" was created by Paolo Veronese to be displayed in the dining hall at Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. The art piece was going to be called "Last Supper," but the Holy Office of the Inquisition accused Veronese of impiety because of those painted around Christ, forcing him to change the name.

1. Mural
   Autumn Rhythm
2. Convergence
   The Letter

Jan Vermeer used his artwork to give viewers a glimpse of the peaceful and comfortable life associated with citizens of the United Provinces. In "The Letter," Vermeer places the viewer outside of a drawn curtain to create the sense of a private scene happening inside.

1. Cabeza
   Still Life with a Late Ming Ginger Jar
2. Vanitas Still Life
   Skull

Dutch painters in the 17th century used art to depict the triviality of worldly pleasures by referencing them to death. "Vanitas Still Life" is one such example, where the beauty of the objects are countered by the presence of a skull and a cracked walnut.

1. Flight into Egypt
   Surrender of Breda
2. Conversion on the Way to Damascus
   Pilgrimage to Cythera

"Conversion on the Way to Damascus" depicts the moment Saint Paul was converted to follow Christ. Unlike most religious painting from the time, Caravaggio tries a different approach with his religious scene, drawing viewers in by putting them as close as possible to the action.

1. Madonna and Child
   Virgin and Child
2. The Sistine Madonna
   Madonna Litta

Elisabetta Sirani's "Virgin and Child" varies from previous paintings depicting Mary and Jesus in a much more heavenly way. Instead, here, the mother and child share a humanly glance, as the child prepares to crown his mother, hinting at the notion of her place in God's kingdom.

1. Maman
   Cumul I
2. Quarantania I
   Articulated Lair

Seven total versions of "Maman" were created after a commission was given to Louise Bourgeois by The Unilever Series. The original version was sculpted from steel, while the remaining six are made of bronze.

1. The Thinker
   David
2. Pieta
   Tian Tan Buddha

Using a single block of marble, Michelangelo created "David" when he was only 26 years old. The artwork was intended to sit on the roof of the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower, but it was too large to lift and ended up in the Palazzo della Signoria.