1. Phobias and panic disturbances
   Bipolar and schizophrenia
2. Dementia and amnesia
   Autism and behavioral

People with anxiety disorders excessively worry about everyday situations. Symptoms of anxiety disorders include sweating, trembling, trouble sleeping, and having trouble concentrating on things that aren't related to your current fear.

1. Control
   Independent
2. Dependent
   Stimulus

Independent variables are often represented by the letter x. Changes in other variables do not have an effect on them.

1. Cerebral cortex
   Hyothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
   Pineal gland

The cerebral cortex is the surface of the cerebrum. It contains 15 billion neurons.

1. Delusions
   Hallucinations
2. Paraphilias
   Figments of the imagination

Hallucinations can be auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile. That means you can hear, see, smell, taste, or feel things that aren't there.

1. Retrograde amnesia
   Obsessive compulsive disorder
2. Anterograde amnesia
   Dissociative identity disorder

People with anterograde amnesia lose the ability to create new memories. Research suggests that anterograde amnesia sufferers process information normally, but immediately forget it.

1. Encoding
   Storage
2. Transfer
   Retrieval

Encoding takes information received and processes it in a way that can be stored in the brain. It is used to form short-term and long-term memories.

1. Semantic
   Procedural
2. Flashbulb
   Declarative

Traumatic events are more likely to be recalled as flashbulb memories. Flashbulb memories are vivid and people tend to be confident in their accuracy.

1. Projective personality
   Verbal intelligence
2. Cognitive reasoning
   Emotional intelligence

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach's original images were published. When taking an inkblot test, there are no wrong answers. However, unusual answers may be a sign of psychological issues.

1. Panic disorder
   Hypochondria
2. Seasonal affective disorder
   Bipolar disorder

Seasonal affective disorder is considered a type of depression. Suffers experience the symptoms around the same time each year.

1. Not my problem
   Diffusion of responsibility
2. Biological instinct
   Situational ambiguity

The diffusion of responsibility is one of the causes of the bystander effect. Studies have shown that people take into account how much other people know about a situation before deciding to take action.

1. Hormone responsible for puberty
   Mood stabilizers
2. Neurotransmitters that control neural signals across synapses
   Enzymes responsible for hunger

Dopamine regulates attention, learning, movement, and emotional responses. Other neurotransmitters include norepinephrine and acetylocholine.

1. Ocular barrier
   Skin barrier
2. Hear-lung barrier
   Blood-brain barrier

Some materials can cross the blood-brain barrier. However, large molecules and fats do not pass the blood-brain barrier under normal circumstances.

1. Hunger impulses
   Memory processes
2. Perceptual organization
   Mood disorders

The Gestalt principles that involve visual perception were first discovered in the 1920. Gestalt psychology believes that the whole is not the same as the sum of its parts.

1. Boderline
   Passive-aggressive
2. Narcissistic
   Antisocial

People with antisocial personality disorder often antagonize or manipulate others. They also disregard what's right and wrong and can wind up in abusive relationships.

1. Withdrawal
   Discontinuance
2. Removal
   Termination

The mental withdrawal symptoms are cognitive, trouble sleeping, depression, and anxiety. Physical manifestations of withdrawal are headaches, chest tightness, palpitations, nausea, muscle tension, and sweating.

1. Amnesia
   Depression
2. Delusions
   Paranoia

Paranoid personality disorder, delusional disorder, and paranoid schizophrenia are the three main types of paranoia. The main treatment focuses on reducing the feeling of paranoia.

1. Displacement
   Lashing out
2. Projection
   Denial

Denial is one defense mechanism. Other defense mechanisms include regression, acting out, dissociation, reaction formation, compartmentalization, dissociation, and projection.

1. A need
   A habit
2. An instinct
   A desire

Instincts are genetically hardwired behaviors. They are meant to help us cope with environmental changes.

1. Acceptance
   Systematic desensitization
2. Self-monitoring
   Aversion therapy

In the 1950s, Joseph Wolpe developed systematic desensitization as a type of behavioral therapy. It is used to treat anxiety disorders, such as phobias.

1. To kill pain
   To make pain worse
2. To help rationalize a situation
   To help with memory

Endorphins are released when you exercise. They reduce and improve stress, help with anxiety and depression, and improve your overall well-being.

1. Hallucinogen
   Stimulant
2. Narcotic
   Depressant

Depressants slow down the central nervous system. Examples include alcohol, sedatives, opiates, and marijuana.

1. Disordered thinking
   Memory loss
2. Severe mood swings
   Extreme depression

Schizophrenia affects approximately one percent of Americans. In men, it is usually diagnosed in the late teens to early 20s. Women tend to be diagnosed in their late 20s to early 30s.

1. Semantic
   Eidetic
2. Episodic
   Flashbulb

Episodic memory is used for recent and past events. To remember events stored as episodic memories, you rely on encoding, consolidation, and retrieval processes.

1. To regulate impulse control
   To regulate hunger and eating
2. To express emotion
   To regulate sleep

The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. While its main role is controlling hunger, it also plays a role in body temperature, blood pressure, sleep cycle, and emotions.

1. Tear duct
   Cataract
2. Red-green system
   Blue-yellow system

There are three kinds of color blindness: red-green, blue-yellow, and complete absence of color vision. However, the last one is extremely rare.

1. Classical
   Operant
2. Observational
   Educational

In 1904, Ivan Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Most of his work was done between 1981 and 1900 at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

1. Paranoia
   Autism
2. Dementia
   Pain

Hypnosis is a state of highly focused attention. People who are hypnotized are in complete control of their actions.

1. Phobias
   Hallucinations
2. Delusions
   Obsessions

About two percent of the population experiences the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the United States, approximately 2.2 people have the disorder.

1. Bipolar disorder
   Multiple personality
2. Obsessive compulsive disorder
   Autism

Multiple personality disorder is now called dissociative identity disorder. It is thought to be a result of trauma.

1. Clinical depression
   Dementia
2. Amnesia
   Hypochondria

Electroconvulsive therapy uses small electric currents that go through the brain to intentionally cause a brief seizure. Today, it is performed under general anesthesia.

1. Stimulants
   Hallucinogens
2. Tricyclic antidepressants
   Beta-blockers

Tricyclic antidepressants were some of the first antidepressants created. Some examples are amoxapine, doxepin, protriptyline, and amitriptyline.

1. Denial
   Bargaining
2. Projection
   Depression

Elasabeth Kubler-Ross wrote a book called "On Death and Dying." In the book she outlined the five stages a dying patient experiences, which are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

1. Rational-emotive therapy
   Existential therapy
2. Operant conditioning
   Classical conditioning

Rational emotive behavior therapy is used to deal with self-defeating thoughts. The goal is to replace them with healthier and more productive thoughts.

1. Frontal lobe
   Brain Stem
2. Cerebellum
   Left cerebral hemisphere

Right-side motor coordination is controlled by the left cerebral hemisphere. Emotion is controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere.

1. Psychophysics
   Behavioral neuroscience
2. Phrenology
   Experimental psychology

Psychophysics studies the relationship between physical stimuli and mental responses. German scientist Gustav Theodor Fechner created the field.