1. about a month
   about two months
2. about three months

Although newly emerged fleas need to find food within a few days, adults can go for a couple of months without a meal. Leaving a flea-infested home for a couple of weeks will not solve the problem, because your little friends simply await your timely return.

1. about six months
   about 10 months
2. about one year

Flea pupae can stay in their cocoons for up to a year, waiting to sense body heat and vibrations that signal the presence of nearby hosts. In no time flat, they break out of their cocoons and hop on board the first warm-blooded human or animal to pass by.

1. parasites that live outside a body
   parasites that live inside a body
2. parasites that require blood in order to reproduce

Fleas, lice, and ticks are all ectoparasites, or parasites that live outside a host’s body. Tapeworms are an example of an endoparasite, which are parasites that live inside a host’s body.

1. kudzu
   mistletoe
2. Venus fly trap

Mistletoe is a parasitic plant, but since it has leaves and can produce food through photosynthesis, it is not a true parasite. Mistletoes use a host mainly for water and mineral nutrients and have been known to eventually kill their hosts.

1. Parasites do not help their hosts in any way so the relationship is not symbiotic.
   A majority of parasites harm their host even to the point of being responsible for their death.
2. Both of the above statements are true.

Parasites do not help their hosts in any way so the relationship is not symbiotic. Many parasites carry life-threatening diseases that infect their hosts or pass on other parasites with their bites that go on to live within a host.

1. armories
   sclerites
2. claddiers

Fleas bodies are covered with hard plates called sclerites, so if you do catch one, squashing it can be very difficult. Their hard outer shell protects fleas from everything including an animal's teeth and hitting the floor after a long jump.

1. Fleas are completely smooth which makes them hard to catch.
   Fleas have tiny very hard pinpoints covering their bodies, which helps to hold fleas on their host.
2. Fleas have tiny rear pointing hairs covering their bodies, which makes them difficult to dislodge.

A flea’s flattened body that is covered with backward-pointing hairs make it easy for fleas to crawl through their host's fur. However, if something tries to dislodge them, the hairs act like tiny Velcro anchors that hold them in place.

1. several
   three
2. two

The flea’s back legs are very long, and the flea can bend them at several joints, which allows it to make amazing jumps. As it lands, a flea uses tiny claws on the ends of its legs to grasp the surface under it.

1. 220 feet vertically or 430 feet horizontally
   250 feet vertically or 450 feet horizontally
2. 300 feet vertically or 500 feet horizontally

A flea can jump about 7 inches (17.8 centimeters) vertically or 13 inches (33 centimeters) horizontally. In human proportions, that's a 250-foot (76-meter) vertical jump or a 450-foot (137-meter) horizontal jump.

1. In a population of fleas, about 50 percent are eggs at any give time.
   In a population of fleas, about 35 percent are eggs at any give time.
2. In a population of fleas, about 20 percent are eggs at any give time.

Flea eggs hatch into worm-like larvae that spin cocoons and become pupae, an adult flea emerges from the cocoon. In a population of fleas, about 50 percent are eggs and only about 5 percent are adults, with the remainder is some stage of pupae development.

1. 50
   30
2. 20

A female flea can lay about 20 eggs at a time and around 500 eggs during her lifetime. If a female emerges from her cocoon and is not able to find food, she will die without reproducing.

1. Flea eggs stick to the hairs on the flea’s host until they hatch into larvae.
   Flea eggs are smooth so that they fall off the host as it moves around.
2. Flea eggs are not laid on their host, the female flea drops off the host to lay eggs in a crack or in the soil.

Flea eggs are smooth so that they fall off the host as it moves around. In a home the eggs sink deep into a carpets fiber or in floor cracks and outside they settle into the soil.

1. The black flecks you see on an infested animal are flea eggs.
   The black flecks you see on an infested animal are scabs that the animal is scratching off the bites.
2. The black flecks you see on an infested animal are dried blood and flea droppings.

The black flecks you see on an infested animal are particles of dried blood and flea droppings. Flea eggs are white in color and you will not likely be able to see them.

1. seven days
   twelve days
2. fourteen days

In order to develop, flea eggs need a warm, moist environment: a temperature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius) and 70 to 85 percent humidity. In these conditions, the eggs will hatch in about 12 days.

1. blood and discarded cocoons
   bits of hair and crumbs
2. skin cells and flea droppings

Flea larvae do not eat blood but instead they eat skin cells, flea droppings and other debris. Larvae develop through three stages, molting after each before they spin silk cocoons after a week or two.

1. tapeworm
   ringworm
2. roundworm

Flea larvae feed on the eggs of tapeworms. Once swallowed, the tapeworm begins to develop in the gut of a flea and if an animal swallows an infected flea while grooming, the animal becomes infected with tapeworm.

1. malaria
   bubonic plague
2. cholera

Fleas are vectors for bubonic plague, they transport plague bacteria from rodents, the natural carriers of the disease, to people. A particular species of flea, the oriental rat flea, is usually the culprit that acts as a vector.

1. Murine typhus is transferred by flea saliva introduced through an infected flea biting a victim.
   Murine typhus is transferred by flea when a human victim inhales dry defecation from infected fleas.
2. Murine typhus is transferred by flea waste as a human victim scratches the waste into a bite.

A murine typhus he infection results from an infected flea's waste rather than the flea's mouth. The fleas defecate while they are eating, and their host often scratches the infected waste into a bite.

1. Always treat your animals and their environment at the same time.
   Always repeat all treatments within two weeks to kill hatching eggs.
2. Always have carpets deep-steam cleaned after your treat your pets.

Always treat your animals and their environment at the same time. Vacuum your home at least every other day, then immediately empty the canister or replace the bag and dispose of it in a tightly tied plastic bag outside your home.

1. flea collars and ultrasonic collars
   feeding brewers yeast, garlic or vitamins
2. none of the above

Feeding brewer's yeast, garlic and vitamin supplements to pets is unlikely to do much good against fleas. Flea collars have limited effectiveness against a flea infestation and ultrasonic collars do not appear to act as an effective flea deterrent or repellent.