1. wood studs
   metal studs
2. concrete blocks

Wood studs are by far the most common material used to frame interior walls on homes. While metal studs are fairly common in commercial structures, wood is still popular in the commercial industry in many applications. Concrete block is used on interior walls only in limited applications, like some schools and warehouses.

1. 8 inches
   16 inches
2. 36 inches

The most common placement for wooden studs is 16 inches oc, or on center. That means that the center of one stud is 16 inches from the center of the adjacent one. In some older homes, you may also find studs placed at 24 inches oc.

1. linear feet
   board feet
2. only in yards

Lumber is measured in volume, not length. The most common unit of lumber measurement is the board foot, which is equal to the volume of a piece of wood one foot long, one foot wide and one inch thick.

1. sand
   cement
2. gypsum

Up until WWII, most American homes had plaster walls. To build homes faster to meet demand, builders turned to drywall starting in the '40s, and now it's found in virtually every home. This material consists of pressed gypsum supported by sheets of heavy paper on either side.

1. drinking water
   sewage
2. air

A network of pipes carries water and waste through the home, while ducts transport air. They not only help ventilation, but also work with the home's heating and cooling equipment to keep every room at the desired temperature.

1. special electrical outlet
   advanced kitchen exhaust hood
2. place to connect garden hoses

A ground fault circuit interrupter, or GFCI, is a special electrical outlet that stops the flow of power if it detects a problem -- like a human being electrocuted. In many areas, building codes require GFCI outlets in bathrooms and other wet areas to help protect people from danger.

1. exterior walls
   only in kitchens
2. between attic beams

Structural insulated panels, or SIPs, are relatively new materials gaining popularity in home construction. They consists of sheets of foam insulation sandwiched between sheets of plywood or other sheet wood. By combining insulation with structural sheathing, they allow for faster, more energy-efficient wall construction.

1. southeast U.S.
   New England
2. Alaska

A slab-on-grade foundation consists of a slab of concrete with thickened edges that is poured directly over the ground, or on grade. It is an affordable and effective foundation option in areas where the ground doesn't freeze, like the southeastern U.S.

1. drywall
   wood
2. concrete

CMU stands for concrete masonry unit, and is essentially a basic cement block. This material is commonly used to craft foundation walls, which is one of the first steps in building a home.

1. siding
   sheathing
2. shingles

A standard exterior wall consists of wooden studs covered by a layer of plywood sheathing. The sheathing not only serves as a structural element, but also ties together the studs and serves as a nailing base for siding installation.

1. vinyl
   fiber cement
2. engineered wood

Vinyl siding is almost always the cheapest of the traditional siding materials used in the U.S., and because of its low cost, is also the most common material used to side homes. It can be found for as low as $2 per foot installed, while other materials start at around twice that price.

1. asphalt shingles
   slate
2. metal

Slate roofs can last a century with proper maintenance, while well-maintained metal roofs will last about half that long. Asphalt shingles are the cheapest roofing material for a reason -- they have a shorter life than many more expensive options.

1. over siding
   under siding
2. only under the foundation

Building wrap looks like paper, but it's actually a permeable synthetic material that allows moisture to pass out to the outside without letting rainwater in. It's installed on top of sheathing and under siding to protect the house during construction and after.

1. It's harder than softwood.
   It's softer than softwood.
2. It comes from a broad-leafed tree.

Don't let the terms hardwood and softwood fool you. They have nothing to do with how hard or soft wood is. All these terms actually reveal is what kind of tree the wood came from. Hardwood comes from a broad-leafed tree like an oak or elm, while softwood comes from a conifer like a pine or fir.

1. Beams support joists.
   Beams and joists are the same thing.
2. Beams are only used in roofs, and joists in floors.

Beams and joists are two types of horizontal framing members used in home construction. Beams support joists structurally, and there are generally fewer beams than joists used in a project.

1. lathe
   stucco
2. relief

Before the widespread use of drywall, walls in homes were made using plaster. The plaster was applied to walls framed with thin wooden strips, known as a lathe. Today, the lathe and plaster system has been replaced with drywall, with special types of board sometimes coated with plaster for those who prefer a high-end wall finish.

1. mortar
   polyurethane
2. drywall compound

Drywall or joint compound is applied over strips of tape to hide the seams between sheets of drywall. Once dried, the compound is sanded until the wall is smooth and ready for painting.

1. joint compound
   mortar
2. wood glue

Mortar is the cementitious material applied between each row of bricks to unite the blocks into a single structure. Mortar is also used with certain types of tile and concrete block.

1. relative wood hardness
   moisture resistance of tile
2. expected life of roofing materials

The Janka scale is a measure of relative wood hardness. Using this scale, you can determine that woods like rosewood or hickory are harder than beech or pine. Harder woods are more resistant to dents, dings and wear, and are often better choices for heavily-trafficked wood floors.

1. pointing
   pursing
2. caking

Over time, the mortar between bricks can crumble or fall out, leaving the brick susceptible to water damage. To fix this, brick masons perform a process known as pointing, or tuck-pointing, where the mortar is removed and replaced with new mortar. When pointing brick, it's critical to choose the correct type of mortar for the job, as all types are slightly different.

1. wood shingles
   rubber membrane
2. asphalt shingles

Shingles are designed for sloped roofs, not flat ones. For homes with flat roofs, choose rubber or thermoplastic membranes, or go with a traditional built-up roof made of gravel, tar and asphalt.

1. south-facing windows
   solar panels
2. geothermal heat pump

Passive solar homes can dramatically cut energy costs while still keeping occupants comfortable. They use energy from the sun, gained through south-facing windows to heat the home with reduced or no traditional heating fuel.

1. master suite addition
   composite deck addition
2. entry door replacement

It's tempting to upgrade your home, hoping to increase its value for when you're ready to sell, but if you're looking for a good ROI, choose your projects with care. According to a 2018 "Cost Vs. Value Report" by "Remodeling" magazine, a new master suite comes with an ROI of only around 48 percent. A new composite deck comes in at 63 percent ROI, while a simple entry door replacement returns 91 percent of its cost.

1. vinyl organic covering
   volatile organic compound
2. voluntary organic certification

When shopping for home building materials, you may note products labeled as "No VOCs." According to the EPA, volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, have a negative impact on air quality in the home -- and can even make the air inside your house more dangerous than outside air.

1. R-Value
   U-Factor
2. Heat Gain Coefficient

You can compare different types of insulation using R-value, with higher R-values associated with better insulating ability. Using the right amount of insulation can have a tremendous impact on energy costs and comfort.

1. polyurethane foam
   fiberglass blankets
2. loose fill cellulose

Polyurethane foam is one of the best insulating materials on the market. It has an R-value of 5.6 to 8.0 per inch, compared to fiberglass blankets, which rate 3.9 to 3.8 per inch.

1. when you use well water
   when you don't have a municipal sewer connection
2. Every home needs a septic system.

Many urban homes are connected to municipal wastewater lines, which transport waste to a water treatment plant and treat it. Rural homes often have no sewer connections, which requires homeowners to install a septic system to process waste safely.

1. riser
   treat
2. stringer

Staircases consist of three major components. First, builders craft a diagonal set of supports known as stringers. Then they add vertical members called risers, and horizontal surfaces called treads.

1. carpet
   laminate
2. tile

Traditional flooring installation uses glue, nails or other fasteners to secure the floor covering to the subfloor. A floating floor clicks together, with no attachment to the subfloor. This easy floating installation technique is very common with laminate and some engineered wood floors.

1. as you plan the design
   right before you apply for the building permit
2. when the project is complete

A punch list is a list of items created by the homeowner or architect. It lets the home builder know which items remain to be completed before the contractor will receive his final payment.